Ii-polyurethane elastomers ziludidi olubalulekileyo lwezinto zepolymer ezisebenza kakuhle. Ngenxa yeempawu zazo zomzimba nezekhemikhali ezizodwa kunye nokusebenza kwazo okugqwesileyo, zithatha indawo ebalulekileyo kushishino lwanamhlanje. Ezi zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi zokuvelisa ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ezifana neenqwelo moya, iimoto ezikumgangatho ophezulu, oomatshini abachanekileyo, izixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye nezixhobo zonyango, ngenxa yokuqina kwazo okuhle, ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukumelana nokugqwala kunye nokuguquguquka kokucubungula. Ngokuhambela phambili kwesayensi netekhnoloji kunye nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kweemfuno zokusebenza kwezinto kwishishini lokuvelisa, uyilo oluphezulu lwee-polyurethane elastomers lube yinto ephambili ekuphuculeni ixabiso lazo lokusetyenziswa. Kwishishini lokuvelisa elikumgangatho ophezulu, iimfuno zokusebenza kwezinto ziya ziba nzima ngakumbi. Njengezinto ezisebenza kakuhle, uyilo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-polyurethane elastomers kufuneka zihlangabezane nemigangatho ethile yobugcisa. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-polyurethane elastomers kwimveliso ephezulu kukwajongene nemingeni emininzi, kubandakanya ulawulo lweendleko, ukuphunyezwa kobugcisa kunye nokwamkelwa kwimarike. Nangona kunjalo, ngeenzuzo zayo zokusebenza, ii-polyurethane elastomers zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kunye nokukhuphisana kweemveliso zokuvelisa. Ngophando olunzulu kwezi ndawo zesicelo, inokubonelela ngenkxaso enamandla yokuphucula uyilo lwezinto kunye nokwandisa usetyenziso.

 

Uyilo oluphezulu lwe-polyurethane elastomers

 

Ukwakheka kwezinto kunye neemfuno zokusebenza

Ii-polyurethane elastomers ziluhlobo lwezinto zepolymer ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Ziqulathe ikakhulu izinto ezimbini ezisisiseko: i-polyether kunye ne-isocyanate. Ukukhethwa kunye nomlinganiselo wezi zinto zinempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwezinto zokugqibela. I-Polyether idla ngokuba yinxalenye ethambileyo ye-polyurethane elastomers. Ulwakhiwo lwayo lweemolekyuli luqulathe amaqela e-polyol, anokubonelela ngokuguquguquka okuhle kunye nokuguquguquka. I-Isocyanate, njengenxalenye ephambili yecandelo eliqinileyo, inoxanduva lokuphendula ne-polyether ukwenza imixokelelwane ye-polyurethane, iphucula amandla kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-polyether kunye ne-isocyanate zineempawu ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali kunye neempawu zomzimba. Ke ngoko, kuyilo lwee-polyurethane elastomers, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha nokulinganisa ezi zinto ngokweemfuno zesicelo ukuze kufezekiswe izalathisi zokusebenza ezifunekayo. Ngokweemfuno zokusebenza, ii-polyurethane elastomers kufuneka zibe neempawu eziphambili ezininzi: ukumelana nokuguguleka, ukuqina, ukulwa nokwaluphala, njl. Ukumelana nokuguguleka kubhekisa ekusebenzeni ixesha elide kwezinto phantsi kweemeko zokungqubana kunye nokuguguleka. Ingakumbi xa isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinxitywa kakhulu, njengeenkqubo zokumiswa kweemoto kunye nezixhobo zoshishino, ukumelana nokunxitywa kakuhle kunokwandisa ubomi benkonzo yemveliso. Ukuqina kwe-elasticity yenye yeempawu eziphambili ze-polyurethane elastomers. Imisela ukuba impahla ingabuyela ngokukhawuleza kwimo yayo yokuqala ngexesha lokuguqulwa nokubuyiselwa. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiseal kunye nee-shock absorbers. I-Anti-aging ibhekisa kubuchule bempahla yokugcina ukusebenza kwayo emva kokusetyenziswa ixesha elide okanye ukuvezwa kwiindawo ezinzima (ezifana nemitha ye-ultraviolet, ukufuma, utshintsho lobushushu, njl.njl.), ukuqinisekisa ukuba impahla igcina ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwizicelo ezisebenzayo.

 

Amaqhinga oPhuculo loYilo

Uyilo oluphezulu lwe-polyurethane elastomers yinkqubo entsonkothileyo nebuthathaka efuna ukuqwalaselwa ngokupheleleyo kweendlela ezininzi zokuphucula uyilo. Ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo se-molecular linyathelo eliphambili ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwezinto. Ngokulungisa isakhiwo se-molecular chain ye-polyurethane, njengokwandisa inqanaba lokudibanisa, amandla oomatshini kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto zinokuphucuka kakhulu. Ukwanda kwenqanaba lokudibanisa kuvumela ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi ezinzileyo ngakumbi phakathi kwe-molecular chain yezinto, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula amandla ayo kunye nokuqina kwayo iyonke. Umzekelo, ngokusebenzisa ii-reactants ze-polyisocyanate okanye ukungenisa ii-agents zokudibanisa, inqanaba lokudibanisa linokwandiswa ngempumelelo kwaye ukusebenza kwezinto kunokulungiswa. Ukulungiswa komlinganiselo wecandelo nako kubalulekile. Umlinganiselo we-polyether kunye ne-isocyanate uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuqina, ubunzima kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto. Ngokubanzi, ukwandisa umlinganiselo we-isocyanate kunokunyusa ubunzima kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto, kodwa kunokunciphisa ukuqina kwazo. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukulungisa ngokuchanekileyo umlinganiselo wezimbini ngokweemfuno zokwenyani zesicelo ukuze kufezekiswe ibhalansi yokusebenza engcono kakhulu. Ukongeza ekwenzeni ngcono ulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli kunye nomlinganiselo wezinto, ukusetyenziswa kwezongezo kunye nee-reinforcement agents kunempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwezinto. Izinto ezinje nge-nano-silicon kunye ne-nano-carbon, zinokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza okubanzi kwee-polyurethane elastomers. Izinto ezinje nge-nanomaterials ziphucula iipropati zoomatshini kunye nokumelana nokusingqongileyo kwezinto ngokwandisa amandla azo, ukumelana nokuguguleka kunye nokumelana nokuguga.

 

 

Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yokulungiselela

Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yokulungiselela yenye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokuphucula ukusebenza kwee-polyurethane elastomers. Ukuqhubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yokwenziwa kwepolymer kube nefuthe elikhulu ekulungiseleleni ii-polyurethane elastomers. Iindlela zanamhlanje zokwenziwa kwepolymer, ezifana nokubumba i-reaction injection (RIM) kunye netekhnoloji yokwenziwa kwepolymerization ephezulu, zinokufikelela kulawulo oluchanekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenziwa, ngaloo ndlela ziphucule ulwakhiwo lweemolekyuli kunye nokusebenza kwezinto. Itekhnoloji yokwenziwa kwe-reaction injection inokuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kwaye ifezekise ukufana okungcono kwezinto kunye nokuhambelana ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenziwa ngokuxuba ngokukhawuleza i-polyether kunye ne-isocyanate phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye izifake kwi-mold. Itekhnoloji yokwenziwa kwe-polymerization ephezulu inokuphucula uxinano kunye namandla ezinto kwaye iphucule ukumelana nokuguguleka kwayo kunye nokumelana nokuguga ngokwenza ii-polymerization reactions phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. Itekhnoloji yokwenziwa kwe-molding kunye nokucubungula okuphuculweyo nayo yinto ephambili ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwee-polyurethane elastomers. Iinkqubo zokwenziwa kwe-hot press zemveli ziye zatshintshwa kancinci kancinci ziiteknoloji zokwenziwa kwe-injection kunye ne-extrusion molding eziphucukileyo. Ezi nkqubo zintsha azinakuphucula kuphela ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, kodwa zikwafezekisa nolawulo oluchanekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenziwa ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwezinto. Iteknoloji yokubumba ngenaliti inokufezekisa ukubumba okuchanekileyo kweemilo ezintsonkothileyo kwaye inciphise inkunkuma yezinto ngokufudumeza izinto eziluhlaza ze-polyurethane zibe kwimeko enyibilikisiweyo kwaye zifakwe kwi-mold. Iteknoloji yokubumba nge-extrusion ifudumeza kwaye iphoqe izinto ze-polyurethane ukuba ziphume kwi-extruder, zenze imicu yezinto eziqhubekayo okanye iityhubhu ngokupholisa nokuqinisa. Ifanelekile kwimveliso enkulu kunye nokucutshungulwa okwenziwe ngokwezifiso.

 

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-polyurethane elastomers kwimveliso ephezulu

 

Inqwelo-moya

Kwicandelo leenqwelo-moya, ii-polyurethane elastomers zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nezitywini kunye nezithinteli zoxinzelelo, ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okugqwesileyo. Ishishini leenqwelo-moya lineemfuno ezifuna kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezinto, ezibandakanya ikakhulu ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, ukumelana nokudinwa, ukumelana nokugqwala ngamakhemikhali, ukumelana nokuguguleka, njl. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwee-polyurethane elastomers kwezi nkalo kwenza ukuba ibe yenye yezinto eziyimfuneko kwicandelo leenqwelo-moya. Thatha izitywini njengomzekelo. Kwinkqubo yepetroli yezithuthi zeenqwelo-moya, izitywini kufuneka zigcine ukuvalwa okusebenzayo phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye neemeko zoxinzelelo. Inkqubo yepetroli yezithuthi zeenqwelo-moya idla ngokuchatshazelwa kubushushu obuphezulu, uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nemidiya ebolileyo. Ke ngoko, izitywini akufuneki zichasane nobushushu obuphezulu kuphela, kodwa nakwi-chemical corrosion. Ii-polyurethane elastomers, ngakumbi ii-polyurethane ezisebenza kakhulu eziye zanyangwa kubushushu obuphezulu, zinokuchasana okugqwesileyo kobushushu obuphezulu kwaye zinokumelana neendawo zokusebenza ezingaphezulu kwama-300°C. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuthamba okugqwesileyo kwee-polyurethane elastomers kuzenza zikwazi ukuzalisa ngokufanelekileyo iindawo ezingaqhelekanga kwaye ziqinisekise uzinzo kunye nokuthembeka kwezitywini ekusetyenzisweni ixesha elide. Umzekelo, izitywini ezisetyenziswa kwiishuttle zasesibhakabhakeni zeNASA nakwizikhululo zasesibhakabhakeni zisebenzisa ii-polyurethane elastomers, ezibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokutywina kunye nokuqina kwiindawo ezixineneyo. Enye yi-shock absorbers. Kwi-aerospace, ii-shock absorbers zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa impembelelo yokungcangcazela kwesakhiwo kunye nokungcangcazela kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo. Ii-polyurethane elastomers zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezo zicelo. Ukuqina kwazo okugqwesileyo kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukufunxa amandla kwenza ukuba zikwazi ukuthintela ngempumelelo ukungcangcazela kunye nokungcangcazela, ngaloo ndlela zikhusela isakhiwo kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki ze-aerospace.

 

 Ishishini leemoto elikumgangatho ophezulu

Kwishishini leemoto ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ukusetyenziswa kwee-polyurethane elastomers kube yinto ephambili ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kwezithuthi kunye nentuthuzelo. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okugqwesileyo, ii-polyurethane elastomers zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zeemoto, kubandakanya iinkqubo zokufunxa ukushaqeka, izitywino, iindawo zangaphakathi, njl. Xa kuthathwa ii-shock absorbers kwinkqubo yokuxhoma iimoto ezikumgangatho ophezulu njengomzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwee-polyurethane elastomers kuphucule kakhulu intuthuzelo yokuqhuba kunye nokuzinza kokuphatha imoto. Kwinkqubo yokuxhoma, ii-polyurethane elastomers zifunxa ngempumelelo impembelelo kunye nokungcangcazela endleleni kwaye zinciphise ukushukuma komzimba wesithuthi ngokusebenzisa iipropati zazo ezibalaseleyo zokuthambekela kunye nokufunxa ukushaqeka. Ukuthambekela okugqwesileyo kwezi zinto kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokuxhoma yesithuthi inokuphendula ngokukhawuleza phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zokuqhuba kwaye ibonelele ngamava okuqhuba athambileyo nakhululekileyo. Ingakumbi kwiimodeli zobunewunewu obuphezulu, ii-shock absorbers ezisebenzayo eziphezulu ezisebenzisa ii-polyurethane elastomers zinokuphucula kakhulu intuthuzelo yokukhwela kwaye zihlangabezane neemfuno zamava okuqhuba asemgangathweni ophezulu. Kwiimoto ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ukusebenza kwee-seals kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukufunxa isandi, ukufunxa ubushushu kunye nokusebenza okungangeni manzi kwesithuthi. Ii-polyurethane elastomers zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizitywino zeengcango zeemoto neefestile, iindawo zeenjini kunye neendawo ezingaphantsi kwemoto ngenxa yokuvala kwazo kakuhle kunye nokumelana nemozulu. Abavelisi beemoto eziphezulu basebenzisa ii-polyurethane elastomers njengezitywino zeengcango ukuphucula ubushushu besandi semoto kunye nokunciphisa ukungena kwengxolo yangaphandle.